Scales

Brand Defense Scale

Comprehensive academic profile of the Brand Defense Scale (BDS; Roy et al., 2023), including psychometric...

September 27, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Attitudinal Brand Loyalty

The Attitudinal Brand Loyalty scale is a psychometric instrument designed to measure consumers' emotional attachment,...

September 24, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Attachment to the Brand (Passion) (ABP)

A comprehensive academic psychometric profile of the Attachment to the Brand (Passion) (ABP) subscale by...

September 18, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Brand Love Scale (BLS)

The Brand Love Scale (BLS), established by Carroll and Ahuvia (2006), measures passionate emotional attachment...

September 5, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti