Scales

Purchase Motivation (Expensive Products)

A psychometric review of the Purchase Motivation (Expensive Products) scale developed by Franziska Völckner, evaluating...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Loyalty Proneness (Brand) (LP)

Comprehensive academic overview of the Loyalty Proneness (Brand) (LP) scale developed by Kusum L. Ailawadi,...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Individuality of the Employee (IOTE)

A comprehensive psychometric guide to the Individuality of the Employee (IOTE) scale developed by Daniel...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Fairness (FAI)

The Fairness (FAI) scale, formulated by Margaret C. Campbell (1999), is a psychometrically validated instrument...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Demotion (Customer Status) (DEM)

The Demotion (Customer Status) (DEM) scale, developed by Wagner, Hennig-Thurau, and Rudolph (2009), is a...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Customized Product Superiority (CPS)

Comprehensive academic psychometric profile of the Customized Product Superiority (CPS) scale developed by Franke, Keinz,...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Congruence (Self with Brand) (CON)

A psychometric review of the Congruence (Self with Brand) (CON) scale by Breivik and Thorbjørnsen...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Brand Personality (Sophistication) (BP)

A comprehensive psychometric guide to the Brand Personality (Sophistication) scale by Jennifer L. Aaker (1997),...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Brand Personality (Female) (BP)

An in-depth academic guide to the Brand Personality (Female) scale developed by Bianca Grohmann (2009),...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Brand Experience (Sensory) (BE)

A comprehensive academic psychometric profile of the Brand Experience (Sensory) scale developed by Brakus, Schmitt,...

September 17, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti