Scales

Product Purchase Savings

The Product Purchase Savings scale is a validated 3-item psychometric instrument developed by Zhang, Cai,...

September 23, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Promotional Offer Value Perception

The Promotional Offer Value Perception (POVP) scale (Hardesty & Bearden, 2003) is a validated 4-item...

September 16, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti