Scales

Value-Seeking Shopping Motivation (VSSM)

The Value-Seeking Shopping Motivation (VSSM) scale, developed by Arnold & Reynolds (2003), is a psychometric...

September 16, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti
Scales

Deal Proneness Scale

A comprehensive psychometric and theoretical analysis of the Deal Proneness Scale (DPS-Deal) developed by Lichtenstein,...

September 6, 2026 • Dr. Mohammed Looti