Modern clinical neuroscience increasingly recognizes that human psychological distress and physiological equilibrium are inextricably linked through reciprocal somatic feedback loops. Autogenic training (AT) stands as one of the most rigorously systematized, empirically investigated psychophysiological interventions developed to re-establish homeostatic self-regulation within the human organism. By bridging cognitive intentionality with visceral autonomic modulation, this therapeutic technique empowers individuals to consciously deactivate stress-induced neuroendocrine arousal and cultivate profound physiological restoration.
Autogenic Training
1. Concise Definition
Autogenic training is a standardized, psychophysiologically grounded relaxation technique that utilizes a series of structured self-directed verbal formulas to induce a parasympathetic-dominant trophotropic state. Originating in clinical neuropsychiatry, the method relies on passive concentration and somatic sensory awareness to produce self-regulated physiological shifts in peripheral vasodilation, cardiac deceleration, neuromuscular tone, and visceral regulation.
Rather than requiring active physical exertion or external heterohypnotic induction, autogenic training facilitates an endogenous recalibration of the central and autonomic nervous systems. Practitioners mentally repeat focused psychophysiological cues—centered systematically on sensations of heaviness and warmth throughout the musculature and circulatory systems—enabling the spontaneous restoration of homeostatic neurovisceral pathways. Over successive clinical iterations, the technique fosters an autonomous capacity to modulate chronic hyperarousal, blunt maladaptive somatic anxiety, and re-establish biological equilibrium across both acute and sustained psychosomatic stressors.
2. Etymology and Linguistic Origin
The term autogenic is constructed from two classical Greek linguistic morphemes: the reflexive pronoun autos (αὐτός), signifying “self,” and the root genes (γενής, from γίγνομαι), denoting “produced by,” “born from,” or “generated within.” In its compound form, autogenic translates literally as “self-generated” or “arising from within oneself.” The noun training derives from the Old French traîner, originating from the Vulgar Latin tragere, meaning to draw out, cultivate, or systematically exercise through disciplined practice.
The nomenclature was introduced into psychiatric discourse in the late 1920s by the German psychiatrist and neurologist Johannes Heinrich Schultz. Schultz sought a deliberate conceptual and semantic departure from conventional hypnotherapy, which historically positioned the patient as a passive, heteronomously guided subject subordinate to the clinician’s hypnotic suggestion. By choosing the designation Das Autogene Training (formally consolidated in his seminal 1932 monograph), Schultz linguistically codified a transformative paradigm shift: the psychological and somatic changes experienced during therapy were not imposed by an external operator, but were intrinsically generated, directed, and sustained by the practitioner’s own internal neurophysiological capabilities.
3. Pronunciation and Grammatical Form
The phrase autogenic training is pronounced phonetically in Standard American and British English as follows: /ˌɔːtəˈdʒɛnɪk ˈtreɪnɪŋ/. In clinical transcripts, medical literature, and psychometric documentation, the construct is predominantly abbreviated using the capitalized acronym AT.
Grammatically, the term functions as a compound noun phrase, designating the therapeutic modality in its entirety. The individual component autogenic operates as a descriptive adjective modifying clinical phenomena, physiological states, or therapeutic exercises (e.g., “an autogenic state,” “autogenic abreaction,” “autogenic neutralization”). The component training serves as an uncountable verbal noun denoting the procedural acquisition and progressive rehearsal of the self-regulatory protocols. In formal clinical documentation, the verb construct typically surfaces as “undergoing autogenic training,” “administering autogenic therapy,” or “engaging in autogenic self-regulation.”
4. Detailed Conceptual Explanation
At its operational core, autogenic training is an internally directed neurobiological reconditioning protocol designed to systematically switch the organism from an ergotropic state—characterized by sympathetic activation, hyperarousal, and energy expenditure—to a trophotropic state marked by parasympathetic dominance, visceral restoration, and metabolic conservation. The technique operates at the nexus of cognitive intention, interoceptive awareness, and involuntary somatic response systems.
Unlike progressive muscle relaxation, which utilizes dynamic physical cycles of voluntary muscle contraction and subsequent release, autogenic training is completely non-muscular and non-kinetic. It relies exclusively on the neurocognitive mechanism of passive concentration. In this cognitive mode, the subject focuses mental attention upon specific bodily sensations without goal-oriented effort, striving, or performance anxiety. Active concentration, marked by forced mental exertion, inadvertently excites cortical and sympathetic neural circuits, paradoxically reinforcing somatic tension. Conversely, passive concentration acts as an open, permissive cognitive filter that permits involuntary biological adjustments to unfold naturally in response to neutral mental formulas.
The structural scope of the method encompasses six standardized physiological exercises, commonly referred to as the lower or standard autogenic formulas. Each formula targets a distinct physiological vector governed by the autonomic nervous system:
- Heaviness formula: Induces profound skeletal and neuromuscular relaxation through the subjective perception of weight in the extremities.
- Warmth formula: Stimulates peripheral vasodilation and cutaneous microcirculation by attenuating vasoconstrictive sympathetic vascular tone.
- Cardiac formula: Modulates and stabilizes heart rate via vagal efferent activation.
- Respiration formula: Promotes slow, rhythmic, diaphragmatic pulmonary cycles, counteracting hyperventilation and subclinical thoracic splinting.
- Solar plexus formula: Regulates intra-abdominal splanchnic blood supply and gastrointestinal motility.
- Forehead cooling formula: Facilitates selective cranial vasoconstriction, creating a refreshing subjective contrast that supports cerebral clarity and autonomic grounding.
The boundary conditions of autogenic training distinguish it clearly from mystical meditation and spontaneous daydreaming. AT is a structured medical-psychological protocol with concrete postural guidelines (the armchair posture, the reclined horizontal posture, or the seated “coachman’s posture”), explicit temporal durations (initially two to three minutes per session, gradually increasing to fifteen minutes), and rigorous closing procedures designed to reinstate muscular tone and full alertness prior to resuming daily tasks.
5. Historical Development
The clinical origins of autogenic training trace back to the pioneering neurophysiological investigations of Oskar Vogt at the Berlin Institute of Brain Research in the late 1890s. Vogt observed that intellectually sophisticated patients who underwent therapeutic hypnosis could spontaneously replicate their trance-induced states of physical relaxation, mental tranquility, and subjective restoration through self-administered mental rituals. Vogt recognized that these self-hypnotic intervals appeared to mitigate psychosomatic fatigue, blunt neurotic tension, and expedite neurological recuperation.
Johannes Heinrich Schultz integrated Vogt’s empirical observations with his own clinical psychiatric work in Berlin and Breslau during the 1910s and 1920s. Schultz investigated the subjective phenomenology of thousands of hypnotic inductions. He isolated two invariant somatic sensations universally reported by subjects transitioning into therapeutic relaxation: a profound feeling of physical heaviness across the limbs and an overarching sensation of pleasant cutaneous warmth. Schultz deduced that if these two somatic phenomena were the invariant correlates of hypnotic de-arousal, systematically training patients to evoke heaviness (skeletal muscle de-innervation) and warmth (peripheral vasodilation) through self-directed ideomotor and ideovascular pathways would induce a restorative state entirely free from external clinical intervention.
In 1932, Schultz published his groundbreaking treatise, Das Autogene Training (Konzentrative Selbstentspannung), establishing the empirical blueprint for standard clinical autogenic methodology. Following World War II, the clinical scope of autogenic training expanded globally, largely spearheaded by Wolfgang Luthe, a Canadian-German internist and psychotherapist. Luthe collaborated extensively with Schultz, authoring an authoritative six-volume medical compendium entitled Autogenic Therapy between 1969 and 1973. Luthe expanded the classic standard exercises to include organ-specific modifications, autogenic neutralization (protocols targeting the emotional discharge of traumatic material via autogenic abreaction), and higher-tier meditative stages, embedding the discipline firmly within modern psychosomatic medicine.
6. Theoretical Foundations
Autogenic training is underpinned by converging paradigms across neurobiology, psychophysiology, and cybernetic feedback models of human behavior. The foremost theoretical architecture rests upon the concept of psychophysiological shift. In conditions of chronic psychological stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathoadrenal medullary system remain chronically hyper-responsive, driving continuous secretion of catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Autogenic training acts as an intentional neurovisceral counter-regulatory mechanism. By shifting attentional focus to interoceptive somatic cues, the brain dampens limbic hyperexcitability, promotes anterior hypothalamic activity, and enhances vagal nerve outflow.
From an ideomotor and ideovascular theoretical framework, the mental rehearsal of somatic states exerts a direct, measurably detectable downstream effect upon end-organ physiology. Experimental physiology demonstrates that focusing non-judgmental attention upon the phrase “My right arm is warm” initiates a subtle decrease in sympathetic efferent signaling to the smooth muscle fibers encircling the peripheral arterioles of that extremity. This neurovascular inhibition diminishes vascular resistance, permitting increased arterial and capillary blood volume, which objectively elevates skin temperature.
Furthermore, autogenic training draws heavily from the polyvagal theory of autonomic regulation. The deliberate induction of slow respiration, coupled with passive visceral awareness, stimulates the myelinated ventral vagal complex. This vagal braking mechanism decelerates the sinoatrial node, moderates blood pressure, and curtails involuntary somatic defense responses (such as the fight-or-flight mobilization or helpless freezing). Concurrently, electroencephalographic (EEG) investigations indicate that entering the autogenic state triggers a pronounced deceleration of cortical wave rhythms, shifting active high-frequency beta activity toward synchronized alpha (8–12 Hz) and theta (4–7 Hz) waveforms, particularly across fronto-central cortical networks, reflecting deep mental calmness accompanied by preserved alertness.
7. Key Components, Types, and Dimensions
The practice of autogenic training is structured hierarchically, spanning basic physiological stabilization, specialized clinical adaptations, and advanced introspective dimensions:
- Standard Autogenic Exercises (Lower Tier): The fundamental bedrock of the method, consisting of six progressive somatosensory formulas:
- Heaviness formula: “My right arm is very heavy” (progressing bilaterally across all four limbs to achieve complete neuromuscular de-escalation).
- Warmth formula: “My right arm is very warm” (progressing systematically to induce peripheral vasodilation and autonomic relaxation).
- Cardiac formula: “My heartbeat is calm and regular” (synchronizing cardiac rhythmicity and downregulating tachycardic reactivity).
- Respiration formula: “Breathing breathes me” or “My breathing is calm and regular” (relinquishing voluntary respiratory control to autonomous, restorative breathing rhythms).
- Solar plexus formula: “My solar plexus is warm and radiating” (promoting splanchnic circulatory perfusion and visceral gastrointestinal equilibrium).
- Forehead formula: “My forehead is pleasantly cool” (stimulating comfortable cerebral vasoconstriction and mental lucidity).
- Autogenic Cancellation / Termination: An essential standardized tripartite recovery sequence (“Arms firm, breathe deeply, open eyes”) executed to immediately clear trophotropic inertia and return systemic arterial pressure and alertness to baseline levels.
- Organ-Specific Modifications: Targeted variants tailored by clinicians to address focal somatic pathologies, such as throat formulas for globus hystericus, bronchial formulas for asthma, or vascular-specific cues for localized Raynaud’s phenomenon.
- Autogenic Neutralization (Intermediate Tier): Clinical protocols developed by Wolfgang Luthe comprising “Autogenic Abreaction” and “Autogenic Verbalization,” structured to safely elicit, ventilate, and neutralize traumatic memories, somatic flash-phenomena, and deep-seated neuroses while situated within the protective trophotropic state.
- Meditative Autogenic Exercises (Upper Tier): An advanced, long-term protocol practiced only after mastering the standard exercises for months, focusing sequentially on internal visual phenomena, color generation, concrete object visualization, abstract concept contemplations (e.g., justice, peace), and profound self-reflective existential inquiries.
8. Examples and Illustrative Cases
To understand the clinical deployment of autogenic training, consider the case of a 42-year-old corporate director presenting with treatment-resistant chronic primary insomnia and secondary tension-type headaches. The patient exhibited continuous sympathetic hyperarousal, accompanied by nocturnal cognitive ruminations and persistent cervical-cranial muscle contraction. Standard pharmacological interventions offered transient symptomatic relief but carried intolerable morning sedation and progressive tolerance.
The patient was enrolled in an outpatient autogenic training protocol spanning eight weeks. During the initial fortnight, clinical sessions focused exclusively on the heaviness formula practiced in the reclined position for three intervals of two minutes daily. Once bilateral somatic heaviness was reliably induced without conscious effort, the clinical psychologist introduced the warmth formula. By week four, the patient could objectively raise the cutaneous temperature of the fingers by 1.8°C within four minutes of passive concentration. By week six, the complete standard sequence—including the solar plexus and cooling forehead formulas—was integrated into the patient’s pre-sleep hygiene routine. At the eight-week follow-up, polysomnographic sleep latency had decreased from 78 minutes to 22 minutes, while nocturnal awakenings decreased from three episodes to none, alongside a documented 60% reduction in weekly headache frequency.
A second illustrative example involves the application of autogenic training within athletic and performance psychology. A competitive archer experiencing acute somatic performance tremors during national qualification rounds utilized modified autogenic formulas to suppress acute sympathetic surges. By deploying an abbreviated, highly conditioned autogenic trigger formula (“Calm, heavy, centered”) during the preparatory 30-second interval prior to drawing the bow, the athlete modulated resting tremor, stabilized respiratory rate, and attenuated situational cardiovascular spikes, achieving an optimal performance zone without the motor slowing associated with anxiolytic pharmacotherapy.
9. Measurement and Assessment
The acquisition, physiological authenticity, and therapeutic efficacy of autogenic training are evaluated using a comprehensive suite of psychophysiological and psychometric modalities:
- Cutaneous Peripheral Thermometry: Quantitative monitoring of distal finger skin temperature using digital thermistors represents the standard physiological validation of the warmth formula, documenting the degree of microvascular vasodilation achieved via sympathetic inhibition.
- Surface Electromyography (sEMG): Objective measurement of skeletal muscle action potentials, primarily across the frontalis, trapezius, and forearm flexor muscle groups, validating the drop in muscular micro-tension prompted by the heaviness exercises.
- Heart Rate Variability (Biofeedback and Spectral Analysis): Assessment of high-frequency (HF) power changes and low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratios via electrocardiography, directly quantifying shifts in cardiac vagal tone and parasympathetic dominance during autogenic sessions.
- Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) / Electrodermal Activity (EDA): Continuous measurement of sweat gland secretion driven by sympathetic cholinergic fibers, providing immediate indication of sympathetic arousal de-escalation.
- Standardized Psychometric Inventories: Validated patient-reported outcome measures including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist, administered serially across therapy to capture reductions in subjective tension.
10. Applications and Practical Significance
Autogenic training possesses an extensive operational footprint spanning psychosomatic medicine, clinical psychiatry, preventative health, high-stress professional environments, and occupational wellness. In psychosomatic medicine, AT is formally indicated as an adjunct therapy for essential arterial hypertension, mild-to-moderate Raynaud’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, and chronic tension headaches. By neutralizing the autonomic dysregulation that exacerbates these conditions, patients frequently achieve sustained symptomatic relief alongside reductions in medication dependence.
In mental health and psychiatry, autogenic self-regulation provides an empowering, self-administered mechanism for mitigating generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, stress-induced depressive episodes, and psychoneurotic hyperreactivity. Because the intervention places therapeutic agency squarely within the individual’s control, it effectively enhances perceived internal locus of control and self-efficacy, actively countering the feelings of helplessness that frequently characterize clinical anxiety and depressive pathology.
Beyond traditional healthcare institutions, autogenic training is widely deployed in occupational ergonomics, aviation, military aviation, space exploration, and elite sports. European and Japanese space exploration programs have historically trained cosmonauts and astronauts in autogenic methodologies to manage sensory deprivation, circadian disruptions, psychophysiological stress, and sleep deficits in orbital environments. Similarly, corporate executives, medical surgeons, and emergency first-responders employ rapid autogenic resetting sequences during sustained shifts to counteract acute mental fatigue, diminish procedural tremor, and maintain cognitive vigilance under extreme pressure.
11. Research and Empirical Evidence
The empirical corpus validating autogenic training has accumulated across nearly a century of European, Japanese, and North American scientific inquiry. A landmark meta-analysis conducted by Stetter and Kupper (2002) synthesized 73 clinical outcome studies encompassing 35 randomized controlled trials across diverse psychosomatic and psychiatric conditions. The researchers established robust, statistically significant effect sizes (Cohen’s d ranging from 0.43 to 0.58) for autogenic training across tension headache, migraine, mild essential hypertension, coronary artery disease, asthma, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and anxiety disorders, concluding that the technique represents an empirically supported psychophysiological intervention.
Complementary meta-analytic investigations by Wolfgang Linden (1994) corroborated these conclusions, highlighting that autogenic training demonstrated clinical efficacy comparable to progressive muscle relaxation and standard biofeedback protocols in treating clinical anxiety and hypertension. Furthermore, neuroimaging paradigms using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) source localization have substantiated Schultz’s original neurophysiological hypotheses. Studies conducted by Japanese researchers (such as those by Sadato et al. and Kanji et al.) have illustrated that individuals engaging in advanced autogenic states display marked reductions in amygdalar and anterior insular hyperactivation during induced emotional stress, alongside heightened coherence across medial prefrontal networks associated with autonomous homeostatic regulation.
12. Cultural and Cross-Cultural Considerations
The cultural trajectory and institutional adoption of autogenic training vary significantly between global regions. In Central and Northern Europe—particularly in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland—autogenic training has enjoyed widespread clinical legitimacy for decades. It is formally integrated into mainstream psychiatric hospitals, university medical clinics, rehabilitation curricula, and statutory health insurance reimbursement schemes. In these nations, medical and psychological practitioners undergo accredited postgraduate certification to qualify as autogenic therapists.
In Japan, autogenic training was embraced early by both academic medicine and industrial corporate culture. Introduced in the 1950s, the Japanese Association of Autogenic Therapy has extensively researched its physiological correlates, integrating the practice seamlessly into corporate workplace health initiatives to prevent karoshi (death from overwork) and manage pervasive academic and organizational stress. The philosophy of passive concentration, non-striving, and physical stillness aligned harmoniously with traditional Japanese conceptual models of self-cultivation, bodily awareness, and meditative introspection.
Conversely, within the Anglo-American psychiatric and psychological landscapes (principally the United States and the United Kingdom), autogenic training historically received less clinical dominance, often overshadowed by Edmund Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) and, in recent decades, Jon Kabat-Zinn’s Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). The American therapeutic paradigm historically favored the concrete, active behavioral components of PMR or the broad cognitive-attentional focus of mindfulness over the subtle somatic formulaic repetitions of AT. Nonetheless, ongoing international interest in biofeedback, somatic experiencing, and integrative neurocardiology has generated a clinical resurgence of autogenic techniques across North American integrative medical centers.
13. Criticisms, Debates, and Limitations
Despite its extensive clinical deployment, autogenic training is not without clinical debate, methodological limitations, and clear contraindications. A persistent theoretical criticism points to the reliance on passive self-suggestion, which skeptics have historically argued may simply represent a structured variant of mild self-hypnosis rather than a distinct, unique psychophysiological mechanism. While Schultz and Luthe argued adamantly that autogenic training is fundamentally autonomous and neurophysiologically distinct from heterohypnotic trance, differentiating the cognitive mechanisms of self-hypnosis, passive concentration, and meditative grounding remains a subject of ongoing debate among cognitive scientists.
From a clinical safety perspective, autogenic training is strictly contraindicated in several psychiatric and medical populations:
- Acute Psychosis and Schizophrenia: The inward, somatosensory attentional focus can precipitate acute dissociative episodes, amplify somatic hallucinations, or trigger severe depersonalization.
- Severe Dissociative Disorders: The dissolution of somatic ego boundaries experienced during deep trophotropic states can exacerbate identity fragmentation and traumatic destabilization.
- Acute Cardiac Decompensation / Severe Bradyarrhythmia: The direct intentional modulation of cardiac rhythmicity via the cardiac formula (“My heartbeat is calm and regular”) can cause adverse hemodynamics in patients with severe sinus node dysfunction or acute congestive heart failure.
- Diabetic Instability: Profound parasympathetic activation alters blood glucose utilization and neuroendocrine insulin dynamics, necessitating careful medical glucose monitoring for insulin-dependent diabetics undergoing training.
Another recognized limitation is the pedagogical challenge of mastering passive concentration. Many patients characterized by intense, type-A behavioral traits, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, or hyper-controlling cognitive styles struggle profoundly with “allowing” sensations to occur without exerting active mental effort. Attempting to force sensations of heaviness or warmth inevitably produces performance anxiety and counter-regulatory sympathetic spikes, leading to early patient frustration and therapeutic dropout unless carefully managed by an experienced clinician.
14. Related Terms and Distinctions
To ensure precision in clinical and psychometric taxonomy, autogenic training must be clearly distinguished from allied self-regulatory modalities:
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR): Developed by Edmund Jacobson, PMR relies on systematic, active, voluntary tensioning and subsequent physical release of discrete skeletal muscle groups. In contrast, autogenic training involves zero voluntary muscular exertion, utilizing exclusively cognitive formulas, interoceptive attention, and passive concentration.
- Hypnosis (Heterohypnosis): Hypnotherapy involves an external practitioner providing suggestions to an individual in an altered state of consciousness. Autogenic training is purely endogenous, self-administered, and self-directed, cultivating total subject autonomy from the outset.
- Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Mindfulness emphasizes present-moment, non-judgmental observation of internal and external stimuli (sensations, thoughts, sounds) without attempting to change them. Autogenic training deliberately directs cognitive focus to specific physiological processes with the explicit intent of evoking defined physiological shifts (e.g., peripheral vasodilation, cardiac slowing).
- Biofeedback: Biofeedback utilizes electronic hardware to display immediate, real-time physiological metrics (such as skin temperature, sEMG, or HRV) to help patients learn visceral self-regulation. Autogenic training requires no technological instrumentation, relying solely on internal proprioceptive and interoceptive calibration (though biofeedback is frequently used to validate AT during initial clinical training).
- Transcendental Meditation (TM): TM employs the silent, continuous repetition of a personalized sound or mantra to transcend ordinary mental activity toward a state of restful alertness. Autogenic formulas are somatic-specific psychophysiological commands aimed at somatic homeostatic recalibration, rather than linguistic transcendence.
15. Summary and Key Takeaways
Autogenic training represents an enduring, empirically validated cornerstone of psychosomatic self-regulation. By systematically operationalizing passive concentration through six standardized physiological exercises, the technique bridges conscious cognitive intentionality and involuntary autonomic processes. Practitioners cultivate an autonomous capacity to terminate sympathetic hyperarousal, reduce stress-induced neuroendocrine output, and stimulate restorative parasympathetic tone across cardiac, vascular, muscular, and visceral domains.
Ultimately, the lasting significance of autogenic training lies in its empowerment of the individual. Rather than positioning the patient as a passive recipient of external pharmacological management or therapist-dependent hypnotherapy, autogenic training provides a lifelong, portable psychophysiological skill set. Grounded in nearly a century of robust neurophysiological and clinical research, it remains an essential, evidence-based modality for clinicians seeking to restore mind-body harmony, manage chronic psychosomatic illness, and promote sustained physiological resilience.
References
- Kanji, N., White, A. R., & Ernst, E. (2006). Autogenic training for tension headache: A systematic review of controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 14(2), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2005.04.004
- Krampen, G. (1999). Long-term evaluation of the effectiveness of autogenic training: A meta-analysis. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 47(4), 387–401.
- Linden, W. (1994). Autogenic training: A review of clinical outcome in psychosomatic medicine. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(5), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)90099-x
- Luthe, W. (Ed.). (1969–1973). Autogenic therapy (Vols. 1–6). Grune & Stratton.
- Schultz, J. H. (1932). Das Autogene Training (Konzentrative Selbstentspannung): Versuch einer klinisch-praktischen Darstellung. Georg Thieme Verlag.
- Stetter, F., & Kupper, S. (2002). Autogenic training: A meta-analysis of clinical outcome studies. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 27(1), 45–98. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014576505223